Observations and Numerical Simulations of Urban Heat Island and Sea Breeze Circulations over New York City     

Peter P. Childs  Sethu Raman 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2005,162(10):1955-1980

Observations from two SOund Detection And Ranging (SODAR) units, a 10 m micrometeorological tower and five Automated Surface Observing Stations (ASOS) were examined during several synoptic scale flow regimes over New York City after the World Trade Center disaster on September 11, 2001. An ARPS model numerical simulation was conducted to explore the complex mesoscale boundary layer structure over New York City. The numerical investigation examined the urban heat island, urban roughness effect and sea breeze structure over the New York City region. Estimated roughness lengths varied from 0.7 m with flow from the water to 4 m with flow through Manhattan. A nighttime mixed layer was observed over lower Manhattan, indicating the existence of an urban heat island. The ARPS model simulated a sea-breeze front moving through lower Manhattan during the study period consistent with the observations from the SODARs and the 10-m tower observations. Wind simulations showed a slowing and cyclonic turning of the 10-m air flow as the air moved over New York City from the ocean. Vertical profiles of simulated TKE and wind speeds showed a maximum in TKE over lower Manhattan during nighttime conditions. It appears that this TKE maximum is directly related to the influences of the urban heat island.  相似文献   

Numerical Modelling of the Effects of Vegetation and Environmental Conditions on the Lake Breeze     

Jinmei Shen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(3):481-498

The influence of vegetation and environmental conditions on the lake breeze and associated boundary-layer turbulence structure has been studied using a two-dimensional nonhydrostatic, compressible mesoscale model coupled with the SiB2 land-surface scheme. The results show that the impacts of vegetation on the lake effects are dependent on the environmental conditions, such as soil wetness and background wind, as well as vegetation characteristics. Both soil wetness and background wind play important roles in modifying lake effects on boundary-layer turbulence and the lake breeze, while the effects of vegetation type are secondary compared to the other factors. Without background wind, and under the same soil wetness, the maximum horizontal windspeed of the lake breeze is insensitive to the type of vegetation. Soil wetness can greatly affect both the maximum horizontal windspeed and the maximum vertical velocities of the lake breeze. With background wind, the lake-breeze circulations, upward motion regions, and boundary-layer turbulence structure all change markedly. A weaker background wind can strengthen the lake breeze, while stronger background wind suppresses the lake breeze circulations. The distribution of sensible and latent heat fluxes is also very sensitive to the soil wetness and background wind. However, for the same soil wetness (0.25 and 0.4 were chosen), there is only a small difference in the distribution of sensible and latent heat fluxes between the bare soil and vegetated soil or between the types of vegetated soils.  相似文献   

长江三角洲夏季海陆风与热岛环流的相互作用及城市化的影响   总被引：37，自引：12，他引：25  

苗曼倩  唐有华 《高原气象》1998,17(3):280-289

用三维中尺度模式研究长江三角洲夏季海陆风与城市热岛环流的相互作用,白天由于东海海风和太湖湖风环流与上海市热岛环流相互增强,最大垂直速度可达６．２ｃｍ／ｓ;夜间则相反,由于海风（包括长江江风）与湖风的对撞,因而在上海到江阴市沿江出现一条水平辐合带,如果上海周围地区随着经济发展,大片农田被城市下垫面所取代,而使绿地覆盖率下降到１５％以下,则睡季夜间地面气温可上升３℃,两个增温中心分别在苏州和嘉兴附近,  相似文献   

Small-Scale Variability in the Coastal Atmospheric Boundary Layer     

Branko Grisogono  Linda Ström  Michael Tjernström 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,88(1):23-46

The influence of the main large-scale wind directions on thermally driven mesoscale circulations at the Baltic southwest coast, southeast of Sweden, is examined. The aim of the study is to highlight small-scale alterations in the coastal atmospheric boundary layer. A numerical three-dimensional mesoscale model is used in this study, which is focused on an overall behaviour of the coastal jets, drainage flows, sea breezes, and a low-level eddy-type flow in particular. It is shown that synoptic conditions, together with the moderate terrain of the southeast of Sweden (max. height h₀ 206 m), governs the coastal mesoscale dynamics triggered by the land-sea temperature difference T. The subtle nature of coastal low-level jets and sea breezes is revealed; their patterns are dictated by the interplay between synoptic airflow, coastline orientation, and T.The simulations show that coastal jets typically occur during nighttime and vary in height, intensity and position with respect to the coast; they interact with downslope flows and the background wind. For the assigned land surface temperature (varying ±8 K from the sea temperature) and the opposing constant geostrophic wind 8 m s^-1, the drainage flow is more robust to the opposing ambient flow than the sea breeze later on. Depending on the part of the coast under consideration, and the prevailing ambient wind, the sea breeze can be suppressed or enhanced, stationary at the coast or rapidly penetrating inland, locked up in phase with another dynamic system or almost independently self-evolving. A low-level eddy structure is analyzed. It is governed by tilting, divergence and horizontal advection terms. The horizontal extent of the coastal effects agrees roughly with the Rossby radius of deformation.  相似文献   

海陆风环流及其湍流特征模拟试验   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王卫国  陈家华 《气象科学》1997,17(1):52-57

本文建立了一个采用上实用的Ｅ－ε闭合方案的边界层模式。作为应用，模拟研究了海陆风环流、陆上和海上热力风边界层以及湍流特征。结果表明，海风环流中的湍流能量大于陆风环流中的。  相似文献   

三峡坛子岭单点地面矢量风分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

沈铁元  陈少平  陈正洪  杨维军  毛以伟 《气象》2003,29(3):12-16

利用UVW三轴风速仪三峡坛子岭单点地面风观测资料分析了三峡坝区地面风速量值、风向风速出现频率分布、风的日变化规律等，并根据这些观测资料、结合一些地形风理论知识和观测现象推测了三峡坛子岭附近地面风平面流场特征，从而揭示了河道地形回流风这一特殊小地形下的局地风现象。三峡坛子岭附近地面的这种回流风尺度在百米到千米量级，与由于地形热力因子引起的山地风不同，是由于小地形的动力作用引起的，其风向与长江河道引导的山地风相反。  相似文献   

鲁北沿海强对流天气多发的成因及临近预报     

山义昌  刘桂才  张秀珍  高晓梅 《气象》2003,29(11):20-24

潍坊北部系海陆交界处，由于地理因素，经常形成海陆风锋，当海陆风锋与其他天气系统叠加，会使系统加强，天气剧烈，在夏季是鲁北强对流天气多发的重要原因。一次冷锋过程分析说明与海陆风锋叠加能形成强锋区，锋区上的D、ζ有利于上升运动，与之对应的地面高能区为系统提供了能源。通过对鲁北21个强对流天气个例研究，建立了冰雹云移动路径的临近预报方程。这些研究对鲁北多发强对流天气的成因及冰雹落区预报具有参考价值。  相似文献   

Sea-breeze-initiated rainfall over the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Matthew Simpson  Hari Warrior  Sethu Raman  P. A. Aswathanarayana  U. C. Mohanty  R. Suresh 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(2):401-413

Sea-breeze-initiated convection and precipitation have been investigated along the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon season. Sea-breeze circulation was observed on approximately 70–80% of days during the summer months (June–August) along the Chennai coast. Average sea-breeze wind speeds are greater at rural locations than in the urban region of Chennai. Sea-breeze circulation was shown to be the dominant mechanism initiating rainfall during the Indian southwest monsoon season. Approximately 80% of the total rainfall observed during the southwest monsoon over Chennai is directly related to convection initiated by sea-breeze circulation.  相似文献   

Local diurnal upwelling driven by sea breezes in northern Monterey Bay     

C.B. Woodson  D.I. Eerkes-Medrano  A. Flores-Morales  M.M. Foley  S.K. Henkel  M. Hessing-Lewis  D. Jacinto  L. Needles  M.T. Nishizaki  J. O’Leary  C.E. Ostrander  M. Pespeni  K.B. Schwager  J.A. Tyburczy  K.A. Weersing  A.R. Kirincich  J.A. Barth  M.A. McManus  L. Washburn 《Continental Shelf Research》2007

Sea breezes often have significant impacts on nearshore physical and biological processes. We document the effects of a diurnal sea breeze on the nearshore thermal structure and circulation of northern Monterey Bay, California, using an array of moorings during the summer upwelling season in 2006. Moorings were equipped with thermistors and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) to measure temperature and currents along the inner shelf in the bay. Temperature and current data were characteristic of traditional regional scale upwelling conditions along the central California coast during the study period. However, large diurnal fluctuations in temperature (up to 5 °C) were observed at all moorings inshore of the 60-m isobath. Examination of tidal, current, temperature, and wind records revealed that the observed temperature fluctuations were the result of local diurnal upwelling, and not a result of nearshore mixing events. Westerly diurnal sea breezes led to offshore Ekman transport of surface waters. Resulting currents in the upper mixed layer were up to 0.10 m s⁻¹ directed offshore during the afternoon upwelling period. Surface water temperatures rapidly decreased in response to offshore advection of surface waters and upwelling of cold, subsurface water, despite occurring in the mid-afternoon during the period of highest solar heat flux. Surface waters then warmed again during the night and early morning as winds relaxed and the upwelling shadow moved back to shore due to an unbalanced onshore pressure gradient. Examination of season-long, moored time series showed that local diurnal upwelling is a common, persistent feature in this location. Local diurnal upwelling may supply nutrients to nearshore kelp beds, and transport larvae to nearshore habitats.  相似文献   

珠峰绒布河谷大气边界层结构的数值模拟   总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2  

朱凌云  张美根  马舒坡  李鹏  邹捍  李爱国 《高原气象》2007,26(6):1208-1213

利用中尺度气象模式RAMS对2006年6月12～16日珠峰绒布河谷地区大气边界层结构进行了模拟,并将模拟的风温时空分布与风廓线仪LAP3000的观测资料进行了对比分析.结果表明,绒布河谷地区的局地环流具有明显的日变化(午后至夜间盛行山风,可持续12h,且风速较大;在山风盛行期间,山风的影响高度可达400～700m左右),其中下垫面不均匀性导致的温度差异是引起局地环流的主要因素;RAMS模式较好地反映了绒布河谷地区局地环流的时空变化特征.  相似文献